Those located higher up in brickwork were perhaps pertinent to a thermal baths of the third century. In the deeper layers were walls of opus reticulatum attributable to the era of Maecenas. Phillis Wheatley, the 18th-century poet and the first African-American writer to publish a book, published a poem “To Maecenas” as the first poem in her 1773 book Poems on Various subjects, Religious and Moral.
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- He was vicegerent of Octavian during the campaign that led to the Battle of Actium, when, with great promptness and secrecy, he crushed the conspiracy of Lepidus the Younger; during the subsequent absences of his chief in the provinces he again held the same position.
- His character as a munificent patron of literature – which has made his name a household word – is gratefully acknowledged by the recipients of it and attested by the regrets of the men of letters of a later age, expressed by Martial and Juvenal.
- He enjoyed the credit of sharing largely in the establishment of the new order of things, of reconciling parties, and of carrying the new empire safely through many dangers.
During Octavian’s continued absence from Rome, Maecenas shared with Agrippa (Octavian’s executive lieutenant) the position of informal vice-regent, where he enjoyed considerable authority and discretion. He continued to be deeply involved with foreign and domestic affairs after Octavian, now Augustus, had established his principate (27). During Octavian’s continued absence from Rome, Maecenas shared with Agrippa (Octavian’s executive lieutenant) the position of informal vice-regent. He could use Octavian’s seal and even alter his dispatches at will and continued to be deeply involved with foreign and domestic affairs after Octavian, now Augustus, had established his principate (27). He was the most trusted of advisers, holding his own in competition with the Agrippa faction.
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In Poland and Western Ukraine, a lawyer would customarily be addressed with the honorific who is maecenas “Pan Mecenas”, as lawyers were considered to be philanthropists and patrons of the arts.
In various languages, it has even been coined into a word for (private) patronage (mainly cultural, but sometimes wider, usually perceived as more altruistic than sponsorship). A verse of the student song “Gaudeamus igitur” wishes longevity upon the charity of the students’ benefactors (“Maecenatum”, genitive plural of “Maecenas”). The Gardens of Maecenas, or Horti Maecenatis, constituted https://cryptolisting.org/ the luxurious ancient Roman estate of Gaius Maecenas, an Augustan-era imperial advisor and patron of the arts. The property was among the first in Italy to emulate the style of Persian gardens.[1] The walled villa, buildings, and gardens were located on the Esquiline Hill, atop the agger of the Servian Wall and its adjoining necropolis, as well as near the Horti Lamiani.
Maecenas
Agrippa had emerged from the crises of 23 as co-regent, son-in-law, and Augustus’ prospective successor. Maecenas had become a sick man, aging rapidly, though in 17 he was still sufficiently buoyant to mock Agrippa because the latter lacked a pedigree. It was in 38 BC that Horace was introduced to Maecenas, who had before this received Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil into his intimacy. In the “Journey to Brundisium”,[8] in 37, Maecenas and Marcus Cocceius Nerva – great-grandfather of the future emperor Nerva – are described as having been sent on an important mission, and they were successful in patching up, by the Treaty of Tarentum, a reconciliation between the two claimants for supreme power.
Gardens of Maecenas
As a counselor he secured numerous advantages for his leader, further securing Octavian’s position as a power in Rome. Maecenas administered Rome and Italy while Octavian fought Pompeius, in 36, and Antony, in 31. Although holding no office or military command, he swiftly and secretly foiled a plot to kill Octavian on his return from the East. If not on this occasion, at least in general, Maecenas kept his hands unstained by bloodshed and, in an age of ruthless violence, won praise for his mildness and humanity. Lucullus started the fashion of building luxurious garden-palaces in the 1st century BC with the construction of his gardens on the Pincian Hill, soon followed by Sallust’s gardens between the Quirinal, Viminal and Campus Martius, which were the largest and richest in the Roman world. In the 3rd century AD the total number of gardens (horti) occupied about a tenth of Rome and formed a green belt around the centre.
Gaius Maecenas
A similar change between the earlier odes of Horace, in which he declares his epicurean indifference to affairs of state, and the great national odes of the third book has been ascribed by some to the same guidance. Although the ancient Roman Gaius Maecenas was a well-known diplomat and counselor to Emperor Augustus, it was his munificent patronage of literature that immortalized his name as a word for “a generous patron.” A writer himself, Maecenas knew of the power of poetry and viewed it as a way to glorify Augustus’s regime. Among the poets he patronized were the celebrated Virgil and Horace – both of whom he befriended. Maecenas has also been credited with encouraging both writers to focus more on topics of public interest, such as affairs of state. His name has become a byword in many languages[25] for a well-connected and wealthy patron.
In addition, Lanciani pointed out ” several torsos of fauns and Venus, a flower vase worked in the form of a puteal and decorated with ivy and flowers; a broken altar (…), the lower part of a group of a hero and a draped woman; seven herms of Indian Bacchus, philosophers, athletes … “. Together with the sculptures there were also numerous mosaics, including those in opus vermiculatum mounted on tiles, to be used as central emblematic of precious floors. Maecenas shared Augustus’ dynastic hopes and worked for the eventual succession of Marcellus, the emperor’s nephew. Her brother by adoption, Varro Murena, quarreled with Augustus, was disgraced, and plotted his assassination. The conspiracy was detected and Murena executed (23), though Maecenas had earlier revealed the plot’s discovery to Terentia, thus giving his kinsman a chance to escape.
In 23, after the discovery of his brother-in-law’s conspiracy against Augustus, he was forced to retire. Maecenas died childless and left all his wealth, including his palace and gardens on the Esquiline Hill (the eastern plateau of Rome), to Augustus, with whom he had never ceased to be on friendly terms. Maecenas sited his famous gardens, the first gardens in the Hellenistic-Persian garden style in Rome,[citation needed] on the Esquiline Hill, atop the Servian Wall and its adjoining necropolis, near the gardens of Lamia. Maecenas is said to have been the first to construct a swimming bath of hot water in Rome,[17] which may have been in the gardens. Opinions were much divided in ancient times as to his personal character; but the testimony as to his administrative and diplomatic ability was unanimous.
The horti were a place of pleasure, almost a small palace, and offered the rich owner and his court the possibility of living in isolation, away from the hectic life of the city but close to it. A fundamental feature of the horti was the large quantity of water necessary for the rich vegetation and for the functioning of the numerous fountains and nymphaea. The area was particularly suitable for these residences as eight of the eleven large aqueducts of the city reached the Esquiline. Though the approximate site is known, it is not easy to reconcile literary indications to determine the gardens’ exact location, whether or not they lay on both sides of the Servian ager and both north and south of the porta Esquilina. Common graves of the archaic Esquiline necropolis have been found near the north-west corner of the modern Piazza Vittorio Emanuele, that is, outside the Esquiline gate of antiquity and north of the via Tiburtina vetus; most probably the horti Maecenatiani extended north from this gate and road on both sides of the ager.
He enjoyed the credit of sharing largely in the establishment of the new order of things, of reconciling parties, and of carrying the new empire safely through many dangers. To his influence especially were attributed the more humane policies of Octavian after his first alliance with Antony and Lepidus. His prose works on various subjects were ridiculed by Augustus, Seneca, and Quintilian for their undisciplined style. They include a dialogue, Symposium (or Dinner Party), in which Virgil and Horace participated.
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Gaius Cilnius Maecenas ([ˈɡäːiʊs̠ ˈkɪɫ̪niʊs̠ mäe̯ˈkeːnäːs̠] ۱۳ April 68 BC[1] – ۸ BC) was a friend and political advisor to Octavian (who later reigned as emperor Augustus). He was also an important patron for the new generation of Augustan poets, including both Horace and Virgil. During the reign of Augustus, Maecenas served as a quasi-culture minister to the Roman emperor but in spite of his wealth and power he chose not to enter the Senate, remaining of equestrian rank. Though highly influential in the state, he held no title, nor did he wish to be a senator. From 43 on he helped Octavian (later Augustus) diplomatically and domestically, administering Rome and Italy while Octavian was fighting Pompeius in 36 and Mark Antony in 31. He is best remembered as the generous patron of such writers as Virgil, Horace, and Propertius; he used the work of such literati to glorify Augustus’s regime.
His character as a munificent patron of literature – which has made his name a household word – is gratefully acknowledged by the recipients of it and attested by the regrets of the men of letters of a later age, expressed by Martial and Juvenal. His patronage was exercised, not from vanity or a mere dilettante love of letters, but with a view to the higher interest of the state. He recognized in the genius of the poets of that time not only the truest ornament of the court, but the power of reconciling men’s minds to the new order of things, and of investing the actual state of affairs with an ideal glory and majesty. The change in seriousness of purpose between the Eclogues and the Georgics of Virgil was in a great measure the result of the direction given by the statesman to the poet’s genius.
The “Auditorium of Maecenas”, a probable venue for dining and entertainment, may still be visited (upon reservation[18]) on Largo Leopardi near Via Merulana. Maecenas also wrote literature himself in both prose and verse, which are now lost literary work. The some twenty fragments that remain show that he was less successful as an author than as a judge and patron of literature. Maecenas is most famous for his support of young poets; hence his name has become the eponym for a “patron of arts”. It was Virgil, impressed with examples of Horace’s poetry, who introduced Horace to Maecenas. Indeed, Horace begins the first poem of his Odes (Odes I.i) by addressing his new patron.
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